William James, an American philosopher and psychologist, is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His contributions to pragmatism and the philosophy of pragmatism have had a profound impact on philosophy, psychology, and education. James's ideas on consciousness, free will, and the nature of reality continue to be debated and studied by scholars around the world.
"The question of being is the darkest in all philosophy."
"Belief and doubt are living attitudes, and involve conduct on our part. Our only way, for example, of doubting, or refusing to believe, that a certain thing is, is continuing to act as if it were not."
"Each of us literally chooses, by his way of attending to things, what sort of universe he shall appear to himself to inhabit."
"Where quality is the thing sought after, the thing of supreme quality is cheap, whatever the price one has to pay for it."
"Why may we not be in the universe, as our dogs and cats are in our drawingrooms and libraries?"
"It is wrong always, everywhere, and for everyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence."
"Knowledge about life is one thing; effective occupation of a place in life, with its dynamic currents passing through your being, is another."
"Great emergencies and crises show us how much greater our vital resources are than we had supposed."
"The emotions are not always subject to reason ... but they are always subject to action. When thoughts do not neutralize an undesirable emotion action will."
"Every time a resolve or fine glow of feeling evaporates without bearing fruit it is worse than a chance lost it works to hinder future emotions from taking the normal path of discharge."
"We know the meaning so long as no one asks us to define it."
"Our intelligence cannot wall itself up alive, like a pupa in a chrysalis. It must at any cost keep on speaking terms with the universe that engendered it."
"Seek out that particular mental attitude which makes you feel most deeply and vitally alive along with which comes the inner voice which says "This is the real me " and when you have found that attitude follow it."
"There are no differences but differences of degree between different degrees of difference and no difference."
"I, therefore, for one, cannot see my way to accepting the agnostic rules for truth-seeking, or wilfully agree to keep my willing nature out of the game. I cannot do so for this plain reason, that a rule of thinking which would absolutely prevent me from acknowledging certain kinds of truth if those kinds of truth were really there, would be an irrational rule."
"Pragmatism asks its usual question. "Grant an idea or belief to be true," it says, "what concrete difference will its being true make in anyone's actual life? How will the truth be realized? What experiences will be different from those which would obtain if the belief were false? What, in short, is the truth's cash-value in experiential terms?"
"Lives based on having are less free than lives based either on doing or on being."
"Our normal waking consciousness, rational consciousness as we call it, is but one special type of consciousness, whilst all about it, parted from it by the filmiest of screens, there lie potential forms of consciousness entirely different."
"Keep the faculty of effort alive in you by a little gratuitous exercise every day. That is, be systematically ascetic or heroic in little unnecessary points, do every day or two something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it, so that when the hour of dire need draws nigh, it may find you not unnerved and untrained to stand the test. So with the man who has daily inured himself to habits of concentrated attention, energetic volition, and self-denial in unnecessary things. He will stand like a tower when everything rocks around him, and when his softer fellow-mortals are winnowed like chaff in the blast."
"Genius in truth means little more than the faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way."
"Need and struggle are what excite and inspire us our hour of triumph is what brings the void."
"Success or failure depends more upon attitude than upon capacity successful men act as though they have accomplished or are enjoying something. Soon it becomes a reality. Act, look, feel successful, conduct yourself accordingly, and you will be amazed at the positive results."